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A mathematical model of limiting mass flux transfer was used to represent the profile of concentrations over time at the outlet of a pilot scale ultrafiltration system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of operating conditions and fructans size distribution on the tight Ultrafiltration process for agave fructans fractionation. This review discusses the challenges that hinder the economical production of microalgal biofuels at commercial-scale and identifies strategies for mitigating membrane-fouling in order to optimize the economics of algal biomass production and downstream processing. Hence, the development of environment-friendly, low-cost and anti-fouling membranes is paramount to reduce the costs and energy consumption to feasible levels for both microalgal dewatering and biodiesel refining processes. However, the main challenge in membrane application is fouling, which has adverse effects such as flux reduction and increased cleaning frequency.

The use of membrane filtration in the biodiesel refining process is a promising technology to reduce the water usage and wastewater disposal required in the conventional water-washing process and to avoid non-recyclable solvents used in the dry-washing process.

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Membranes can also be used in biodiesel separation and purification, which is a very important step to achieve a finished biodiesel product that complies with the international standards and specifications (e.g., free glycerol limit of 0.02 mass%). Compared to traditional microalgal dewatering processes, membrane technology offers many advantages such as lower energy consumption, simple operation, reduced chemical usage, and scaling-up capability. Microalgal dewatering requires substantial energy to concentrate the highly dilute microalgal culture and is considered a major bottleneck that limits industrial mass production.

However, different issues surrounding their economic viability and upscale application need to be resolved. Microalgae have the potential to be an excellent source of sustainable and renewable biofuel.